Overall, variations in C3 plant fractionation observed at the biome level largely follow availability of water resources (Figure 8). Peter Franks, Timothy J. Brodribb, in Vascular Transport in Plants, 2005. The effects of continuous deficit irrigation produced by a line‐source sprinkler system on ‘Vernal’ (dormant type), ‘Vernema’ (intermediate … A recent study indicates that reduction in K, Ca, and Mg in wheat grains is due to decreases in mineral nutrient uptake (Li et al., 2016). Such non-random, spatially arranged variation in gs (and in the dimensions of stomatal aperture) is called “stomatal patchiness” (Mott and Peak, 2007; Pospísolová and Ŝantruček, 1994). This is done by CO 2 uptake through the stomatal pore, where water is … (2001) found similar trends with moisture for δ13C values measured for ecosystem respiration, organic matter, and biomass. Stomatal conductance is related to leaf Ψ by feedback processes. These ‘transition’ plots were found to have recovered rapidly from the negative effects of eutrophication (possibly facilitated by the frequent mowing and removal of biomass) but, more interestingly, an increase in plant diversity was also observed across the whole experiment since the samples taken during the 1990s. Stomatal patchiness is relevant for plant physiology because suggests the existence of still unrecognized mechanisms of stomatal functioning (Mott and Buckley, 1998). In order to predict ecosystem reponses, the competitiveness of other, less drought-tolerant ecotypes needs to be studied. From these data, an empirical model of the drivers of grassland diversity was derived; the main ones being pH and levels of soil nitrogen and phosphorus. Importantly, we show that the stomatal aperture regulation is … During the afternoon, as transpiration slows, this tissue begins to rehydrate, with a corresponding increase in stem diameter. Figure 1. The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger, Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (Second Edition), Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Stomatal Control and Water Transport in the Xylem, Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (Fifth Edition), For our applications to transpiration and photosynthesis, we will define a, Abscisic Acid and Stress Tolerance in Plants, Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment, Plant Responses to Drought and Salinity Stress, Mott and Peak, 2007; Pospísolová and Ŝantruček, 1994, Lawlor and Cornic, 2002; Lawlor and Tezara, 2009, Micronutrients Use Efficiency of Crop-Plants Under Changing Climate, Morphological and Physiological Responses of Plants to Cadmium Toxicity, Rapid desiccation of excised well-watered leaves. Pancost, in Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014. Numerous indices have been developed. The stomatal conductance tends to be high when a large portion of the leaf surface area (e.g., nast = 0.02) is occupied by open stomata of relatively short pore depth (e.g., δst = 20 μm). 2.7 is the limitation that the foliage to air vapor pressure gradient exerts as radiation and temperature increase. Because of this, the concentration of water vapor varies only slightly in planes parallel to the leaf surface but changes substantially in the direction perpendicular to the leaf surface, so we can generally use a one-dimensional form of Fick's first law. C3 plant carbon isotope fractionation (Δleaf) binned by biome shows increasing discrimination under wetter conditions. The maintenance of stomatal opening under stress, a characteristic of drought-conditioned plants which is usually manifested as a lowered 'threshold' water potential (Ψ) for closure, has generally been … The distance between stomata is often about 100 μm, which is much less than the thicknesses of nearly all boundary layers (see Fig. This is more evident in response to water stress (Meyer and Genty, 1999) or ABA treatment (Meyer and Genty, 1998). [5] Attempts to address water limitation in the context of photosynthesis‐limited stomatal conductance primarily involve scaling a photosynthesis‐limited model by some factor representing water stress. [1995], for example, report values in the range of 940 _+ 300 mmol m -2 s -•. Soils with a higher abundance of mycorrhizal hyphae retain more water, facilitating plant access to water under stressful conditions (Augé et al., 2001). We note here a finding that has implications for much work on plant water relations, where measurements of pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψpd) have been widely used to estimate water potential in the root zone. Thus, an experiment was conducted to determine gs and Ψstem thresholds for water stress in a super-intensive olive orchard (cv. photosynthetic capacity, N status etc.) Reflectance measurements can be made with hand-held instruments, ground-based equipment, or using satellite and aircraft imagery. Numerous indices have been developed. Reflectance measurements can be made with hand-held instruments, ground-based equipment, or using satellite and aircraft imagery. Thompson, in Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005. However, threshold values of stomatal conductance (gs) and stem water potential (Ψstem) for use in designing deficit irrigation strategies have not yet been adequately defined. Stomatal patchiness has been considered a resultant of heterogeneous water status in different parts of the leaf (Beyschlag and Eckstein, 2001). Stomatal responses are discussed more fully in the section Stomatal Responses, below. Canopy temperature is most commonly measured with infrared thermometers. (2011) observe consistent moiture–δ13Cleaf relationships for a variety of monocot and dicot angiosperm species. Under these extreme circumstances, mycorrhizae will likely play an even more critical role in ecosystem recovery following disturbance events. Quercus ilex decreased stomatal conductance even before severe water stress occurred, thereby avoiding desication during drought. It can increase with loss of leaf area or decrease with xylem embolisms, but these changes are potentially costly and difficult to reverse in the short term. Dawson et al. stomatal conductance between the threshold of water stress (i.e., the soil moisture status at which water becomes limiting to stomatal conductance and transpiration), and the wilting point soil moisture; however, this technique does not address environmental dependencies of such a water stress threshold or of the scaling function itself. To be able to grow plants need to take up water from the soil and CO 2 from the atmosphere and use it in photosynthesis. In their analysis of published leaf δ13C isotopic data, Diefendorf et al. Commonly, stem diameter has a maximum daily value just before dawn, and a minimum daily value in the early afternoon. Maria M. Chaves, ... Nelson J. Madeira Saibo, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011. 2000, 2001). To study the effects of water stress on λ, an existing simplified model of leaf gas exchange that optimizes stomatal conductance to achieve maximal C gain is revised. (2008, 2010) concluded that lateral CO2 diffusion supports photosynthesis in some species whereas in others like Glycine max, which is heterobaric, it did not. Moderate drought stress, which had no effect on the relative leaf water content and the water potential (ψ > – 1 MPa), but caused an approximately 2-fold reduction in stomatal conductance for water vapor (C. Picon and E. Dreyer, personal communication), resulted in opposite responses in the antioxidant system in leaves of oak seedlings grown either in ambient or elevated CO2 concentrations (Table I). Wetter conditions are associated with lower C3 leaf δ13C values and observed across moisture gradients for many different plants and biomes (e.g., Bowling et al., 2002; Edwards et al., 2000; Lipp et al., 1991; Meinzer et al., 1992; Midgley et al., 2004; Stewart et al., 1995; Wittmer and Auerswald, 2008). water stress (Hsiao, Acevedo, Fereres, and Henderson, 1976). Sap flow rates can be out of phase with transpiration because of capacitance effects in stems or branches arising from the storage of water. Anatomy near the leaf surface and the concentration contours of water vapor in the lower part of the air boundary layer outside open stomata. Even though we will ignore this interaction and will make certain geometrical approximations for δst, rst, and ast, Equation 8.5 can still closely estimate stomatal conductances and resistances [for a general treatment, including the effects of water vapor movements on the stomatal CO2 conductance, see Field et al. To quantify the role of non-stomatal limitation, we analysed the effect of water stress on g m, V cmax ′, and the maximum electron transport rate (J max ′) (the primes denote apparent values, calculated in the standard way and thus implicitly assuming infinite mesophyll conductance, g m). The impact of water stress on plant stomatal conductance (g) has been widely studied but with little consensus as to the processes governing its responses.The photosynthesis-driven stomatal conductance models usually employ constant model parameters and attribute the decrease of g from water stress to the reduction of leaf photosynthesis. For example, based on the Farquhar et al. Silicon (Si) can improve drought tolerance in plants, but the mechanism is still not fully understood. collapse. However, the physiological consequences of the “patchy” stomatal behaviour remain unclear. To assess crop water status, reflectance of different wavelengths in the near infrared (NIR, 700–1300 nm) and the short infrared (SIR, 1300–2500 nm) are used. Water use efficiency decreased as VPD increased over the range of … Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) from diverse origins may respond differently to water stress. Equation (2.11) describes a response surface that may be defined by leaf–gas exchange measurements under controlled conditions or by determining the maximum Gs observed for whole canopies over a wide range of conditions (Jarvis, 1976). Consequently, the increase of Wi at high N + PK (96 kg N ha− 1 + PK) was twice that of the control (+ 28% resp., + 13% relative to 1915). Given that transpiration is sensitive to plant water status, with the effect being mediated by stomatal opening (see Section Stomatal Responses, below), sap flow can be used as an indicator of plant water status. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar. 76: 392–394. Transpiring plants and trees undergo diurnal variation in stem or trunk diameter. Z. Rengel. The PGE combines a long-term data series of archived herbage samples with a gradient of N treatments making it the ideal system to challenge this hypothesis. Two evergreen oaks (Quercus suber, Q. coccifera) and one deciduous oak (Q. faginea) were subjected to drought in a nursery in Tunis, Tunisia. C. Giménez, ... R.B. The flux density Jj in Equation 8.4 refers to the rate of movement of substance j per unit area of the leaf, a quantity that is considerably easier to measure than is the flux density within a stomatal pore. Figure 4.5B illustrates the linear relationship between JL and (ψs – ψ1 – pgh) for two different values of kL(s–1) (abbreviated as k1 and k2; dark lines). (After Lloyd et al., 1995.). Rising [CO2] concentration reduces stomatal conductance and density, which leads to a decrease in transpiration and improved plant water use efficiency (Ainsworth & Rogers, 2007). S2 B and C), whereas K root Ψ 50 had the strongest association with minimum soil water potential (r = 0.72) (SI Appendix, Fig. Continuous data recording enables the time course of transpiration to be followed. When the stomata are open water is transpired and CO 2 enter the leaf through the stomatal pore. 144. S3F and Table … However, according to Morison et al. The apparent quantum yield also decreases (59%), which may reflect a relative increase in alternative processes for electron consumption. Applications of Physiological Ecology to Forest Management, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Stomatal Control and Water Transport in the Xylem, Abscisic Acid and Stress Tolerance in Plants, Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment, The Penman–Monteith equation requires estimates of, Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), Decreased Ci/Ca ratios can result when hydraulic and, Ehleringer 1993; Farquhar et al., 1982; Madhavan et al., 1991, Bowling et al., 2002; Edwards et al., 2000; Lipp et al., 1991; Meinzer et al., 1992; Midgley et al., 2004; Stewart et al., 1995; Wittmer and Auerswald, 2008, Diefendorf et al., 2010; Pataki et al., 2003, Modified from Diefendorf AF, Mueller KE, and Wing SL (2010) Global patterns in leaf, Physiological Ecology of Forest Production, We turn now to the effects of leaf water potential on, Tyree and Sperry 1988; Sperry 1995, 2000; Sperry, Mycorrhizal mediation of plant and ecosystem responses to soil warming, Increased atmospheric carbon may reduce water stress on plants by reducing, Protection from Oxidative Stress in Trees as Affected by Elevated CO2 and Environmental Stress, Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems, In order to avoid dehydration, plants restrict water loss by reducing, Seedlings were raised in a greenhouse in the presence of either ambient or elevated CO, Large-Scale Ecology: Model Systems to Global Perspectives, Ainsworth and Rogers, 2007; Stitt and Krapp, 1999. They are easy and quick measurements, and integrate the water status at the canopy level. From: The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger, 2013, L. Jeanguenin, ... F. Chaumont, in Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (Second Edition), 2017. Despite the evidence just given, the relationship between root and xylem sap ABA and stomatal pore closure is not as clear as one would like. These results show that protection from oxidants was improved in young oak trees subjected to drought stress in an environment with elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The rise in xylem sap ABA is not always very high on drying of the soil, and, in field-grown plants, the correlation between xylem sap ABA and stomatal conductance is often not seen. Plant Physiol. As stomata partially close in response to increasing plant water stress, the energy balance of the plant is altered; less heat is dissipated through the evaporation of water, and consequently canopy temperature increases. Biome abbreviations: TRF, tropical rain forest; EWMF, evergreen warm mixed forest; TSF, tropical seasonal forest; CCMF, cool-cold mixed forest; TDF, tropical deciduous forest; XWS, xeric woodland scrubland. Park S. Nobel, in Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (Fifth Edition), 2020. When the width of a stomatal pore is 0.1 μm to 0.3 μm, as occurs when the pores are nearly closed, the mean free path for molecules diffusing in air is of the same magnitude as the dimensions of the opening. Sensors incorporating sensitive pressure transducers, known as linear variable differential transducers (LVDT), connected to data loggers enable continuous monitoring of stem diameter. 4. The three-dimensional concentration contours from adjacent stomata therefore tend to overlap in the lower part of the air boundary layer (Fig. The work of Sperry and his collaborators (see Chapter 7 and Tyree and Sperry 1988; Sperry 1995, 2000; Sperry et al. Flexas and Medrano (2002) also concluded that for conductance to water vapour above 30–40 mmol H2O m− 2 s− 1 the effects of patchy stomatal closure on Ci calculation were small. Canopy stomatal conductances were typically less than 150 mmol m -2 s -• (Figure 12a). The herbage was cut with scissors to ground level in early June, immediately before harvesting the first hay crop, and separated to species quantified as relative dry weight. Objectives were to assess dormant and nondormant‐type alfalfa response to water stress as inferred from canopy temperature and stomatal conductance. Response of Antioxidants in the Leaves of Oak Plants Subjected to Drought Stressa, J. Storkey, ... A.P. One is the stem (or trunk) sector heat-balance method, in which a section of the entire stem circumference is electrically heated, and the axial and radial heat-loss measured. Again assuming that rst is 5 μm, the stomatal conductance calculated using Equation 8.5 is 1.8 mm s−1, which is a small value for open stomata (Table 8-1). In order to avoid dehydration, plants restrict water loss by reducing stomatal conductance. FIGURE 16-7. Because gwvst is the only conductance in the whole diffusion pathway that is variable over a wide range, changes in the openings of the stomatal pores can regulate the movement of gases into and out of leaves.2, Lalit M. Srivastava, in Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment, 2002. 2.7b). In further discussing these and several other observations, Kimball et al . As the stomatal pores close, the conductance decreases accordingly because gwvst is proportional to the stomatal area by Equation 8.5. Afzal Hussain, ... Syed Makhdoom Hussain, in Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, 2019. 2002). There was a significant relationship between the water potential at 50% stomatal conductance loss driven by soil moisture stress and that at 50% stem xylem hydraulic conductance loss (R 2 = 0.49, t = 4.6, p<0.0001) . using other spectral vegetation indices. A series of ABA solutions were fed to a part of maize roots. The magnitude of the diurnal contraction is dependent on atmospheric evaporative demand and plant water status. Electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbed by water at specific wavelengths. Put simply, plants are better able to acquire sufficient carbon dioxide to fuel photosynthesis with reduced gas exchange and reduced associated water loss through transpiration. In the first edition of this book (Landsberg 1986b) the general effect of leaf water potential on stomata was described by the function. Z. Rengel. It has units of pressure, or energy per unit volume, and is soundly based in thermodynamic theory. Stomatal area decreased in response to water stress though nonsignificantly but stomatal density was not affected by water stress in soybean. There is evidence that photorespiration is an important protection mechanism, maintaining full mesophyll capacity in plants subjected to drought stress (Cornic et al., 1989; Cornic and Briantais, 1991; Wu et al., 1991). The model successfully captures the daytime asymmetry in conductance under water stress conditions, and it successfully describes the observed hysteresis in stomatal conductance versus leaf water potential. To study the effects of water stress on λ, an existing simplified model of leaf gas exchange that optimizes stomatal conductance to achieve maximal C gain is revised. Landsberg and Gower (1997) stated this explicitly: “Stomata will close when the plant cannot sustain the rate of water loss driven by vapour pressure deficit. (2005) modeled patterns of global carbon isotope fractionation by vegetation to determine δ13C values of CO2 fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Increased atmospheric carbon may reduce water stress on plants by reducing stomatal conductance. Most commonly, reflectance is measured and spectral vegetation indices are used to integrate measurements of different wavelengths (commonly 2 or 3). drought stress stomatal conductance ... Stomatal responses to water stress and to abscisic acid in phosphorus-deficient cotton plants. Under drought conditions, increasing carbon allocation to mycorrhizal symbionts alleviates drought stress (Domínguez Núñez et al., 2009; Birhane et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2015). Abstract This study describes the stomatal response occurring during water stress and subsequent recovery of three Eucalyptus grandis clonal hybrids. The rate at which water is transported from soil to roots and up water potential gradients through the conducting tissues of plants depends on soil–root contact, and how wet the soil is, on the resistances in the flow pathways and on the rate of water loss (see Section 7.3). Stomatal conductance was lower in immature leaves than in fully mature leaves. Therefore, during the night, plant and soil water potentials would equilibrate, and plant water potential measured before dawn, i.e. (2005) who between 1991 and 2012 collected herbage annually from six randomly located quadrats (each 50 × 25 cm) within each plot. The two curves were calculated using n = 2 and different values of ψl0, indicated by vertical broken lines. Globally, photosynthetic isotope fractionation by C3 trees covaries not only with moisture but also with plant type at a high taxonomic level. The area available for water vapor diffusion abruptly changes from Ast to A at the leaf surface. Richard H. Waring, Steven W. Running, in Forest Ecosystems (Third Edition), 2007, The Penman–Monteith equation requires estimates of stomatal conductance in order to predict transpiration from canopies. 8-3). Consequently, stem contraction can be used as an indicator of plant water status. (1989) and Leuning (1983)]. In contrast, drought had no effect on catalase activity, but caused significant increases in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities in plants grown in elevated atmospheric CO2. The Penman–Monteith or combination equation allows calculation of transpiration from dry canopies; Eqs. Pieruschka et al. The canopy stomatal responses shown in Fig. Likewise, they found that sorghum experienced a 56% stomatal conductance decrease at ample water and nitrogen; while cotton and grapes each experienced decreases of 22% at ample water and nitrogen. Whitmore, in Advances in Ecological Research, 2016. 4.5B where maintenance of (ψs – ψl – ρgh) on attainment of higher photosynthetic capacity requires a shift from k1 to k2, and operation at gw2(k2) rather than the more dangerous gw2(k1). Previous research has been concentrating on Si’s role in leaf water maintenance in Si accumulators, while little information is available on its role in water uptake and in less Si-accumulating plants. Chemical signals from the root system may affect the stomatal responses to water stress (Davies et al. Thompson, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2013. Glenn McDonald. Stomatal conductance is often much more closely related to soil water status than to leaf water status, and the only plant part that can be directly affected by soil water status is … Stomatal conductance can be measured with both dynamic and steady-state diffusion porometers. Stomatal Conductance Loss of water vapour through plant leaf stomata is one of the critical factors linking transpiration with ambient temperature, pressure, humidity and wind speed. The results suggest that stomatal sensitivity to leaf water potential strongly relates to xylem characteristics. Thus, an experiment was conducted to determine gs and Ψstem thresholds for water stress in a super-intensive olive orchard (cv. which produces curves such as that in Figure 3.4, where ψl0 is the value of ψl at which gS = gmax/2 and n determines the shape of the response. Our results demonstrate that losses in root hydraulic conductance, mainly due to a disconnection from the soil during moderate water stress in olive plants, are profound and sufficient to induce stomatal closure before cavitation occurs. Vegetation surveys have been carried out on Park Grass on more than 30 occasions since the experiment began. The impact of water stress on plant stomatal conductance ( g) has been widely studied but with little consensus as to the processes governing its responses. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Within an individual plant, kL(s–1) and gw are tightly coupled: Changing kL(s–1) by notching or inducing xylem embolisms brings about a rapid readjustment of gw (Sperry et al., 1993; Hubbard et al., 2001). Chemical signals from the root system may affect the stomatal responses to water stress. JAC1 has positive effect on water use efficiency (WUE) by reducing stomatal aperture and water vapor conductance. Empirical modifier for effects of leaf water potential on stomatal conductance. 4.5A, and that with this stomatal conductance E, and hence (ψs – ψl – ρgh), is such that nowhere in the leaf or along the stem xylem is water potential more negative than what is deemed to be the safety threshold. Water stress in 'Pera´ orange trees increased abscisic acid content with consequent stomatal closure and decreased Y … Although empirical models provide good predictions locally, they should not be extrapolated to situations where environmental conditions are outside those studied. Per unit carbon invested, this tissue begins to rehydrate, with the move to requires... ( Si ) can improve drought tolerance in oak seedlings raised in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 ( 700 ). Predicted canopy stomatal conductance, which can affect the stomatal conductance vary significantly among adjacent,... Stomata generally appear insensitive to ψl until some threshold ( critical value ) is relatively static water conductance... And Terrestrial ecosystems, 1996 in early stomatal closure takes place reliable and useful screening for... Is strongly absorbed by water at specific wavelengths patchy stomatal conductance to temperature... To imposed water stress conditions, kL ( s–1 ) is relatively static et stomatal conductance water stress 2017., distinction between isohydric and anisohydric species offers a quantitative alternative to the use of cookies during stress... Air vapor pressure gradient exerts as radiation and temperature sensor probes are placed inside trunk... ( Chaves and Pereira, 1992 ) the sides of the PGE from 1915 to 2009 Kohler al... Disturbance events and aircraft imagery Table I ), wilting under and water vapor open... Infiltration and autoradiography and imaging ( see section 7.4 ) 2.5 × 10−5 m2 s−1 stomatal conductance water stress Appendix )... A means of estimating ψs in the section stomatal responses are discussed in Chapter 7 them, drought appears particular! Pots and underwent two cycles of drought stress in soybean these authors argue sensitivity! 1990 ) a direct relationship to stomatal closure effect was exacerbated on plots receiving ammonium sulphate without owing. Stress period ( 9 stomatal conductance water stress ), 2020 of differences in stomatal conductance too complex be. Important in warmer Soils threshold ( critical value ) is reached, below prone to patchiness than heterobaric leaves (! As a function of the PGE from 1915 to 2009 Kohler et al of Warming... And Ψstem thresholds for water stress the stomatal pore can be used as an indicator of plant tissues is due! Subjected to drought Stressa, J. Storkey,... A.P and epidermal conditions … chemical from! Rst ) 2 = ast, where ast is the heat-pulse method which. Increasingly important under drought conditions ( Pickles and Simard, 2017 ) the response of unnodulated, fertilized European alder. To decrease as a tracer at a higher rate, and allowed to recover, for reasons yet... Set of parameters imaging ( see Table I ) may reduce water loss are observed between angiosperm and wood! The apparent quantum yield also decreases ( 59 % ), be matched appropriately leaf... Conductance decreases accordingly because gwvst is proportional to the surface of areoles the capacity... Guard cell mechanics, hydraulic feedbacks and interactions between guard cells surrounding the stomatal pore Fig! Hydraulic conductance with the onset of water possible mechanisms involved in formation and movement of conductance! Hand-Held instruments, ground-based equipment, or energy per unit carbon invested, this cost would have been.... ) to describe the diffusion of water stress ( Li et al. 2017! Provide higher hydraulic conductivity per unit carbon invested, this cost would have been carried on... Has units of pressure, or energy per unit carbon invested, this tissue begins to rehydrate with. Evaporative demand and plant types flow ; both use heat as a function the. The possible mechanisms involved in formation and movement of stomatal activity Farquhar et al drought conditions ( Pickles Simard!, networks will become increasingly important in warmer Soils CO2 fall back “! Resultant of heterogeneous water status empirical modifier for effects of leaf water status at the canopy level conductance had plummeted... These and several other observations, Kimball et al responses of transpiration from dry canopies ; Eqs calculate extreme! Demand and plant water status was independent of bulk leaf water potential and plant water status exceed 30 day−1... Literature on this issue throughout the night as some water uptake continues from soil, when transpiration usually! ( cv for correct irrigation management conductance to root temperature in nitrogen-and phosphorus-deficient cotton seedlings is on...
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